Short biography aurobindo ghosh

Indian philosopher, yogi, maharishi, rhymer and nationalist (1872–1950)

For the opiate company, see Aurobindo Pharma.

Sri Aurobindo
Aurobindo, c. 1900
Born	Aurobindo Ghose (1872-08-15)15 Venerable 1872 Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day Kolkata, West Bengal, India)
Died	5 Dec 1950(1950-12-05) (aged 78) Pondicherry, French India (present-day Pondicherry, Puducherry, India)
Nationality	Indian
Alma mater	University of Cambridge
Relatives	Rajnarayan Basu (maternal-grandfather) Manmohan Ghose (brother) Barindra Kumar Ghose (brother)[1]
Signature
Religion	Hindu
Founder of	Sri Aurobindo Ashram
Philosophy
Disciples Champaklal, Nolini Kanta Gupta, Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, K. D. Sethna, Nirodbaran, Pavitra, M. P. Pandit, A.B. Purani, Dilipkumar Roy, Satprem, Indra Sen

Sri Aurobindo (born Aurobindo Ghose; 15 August 1872 – 5 December 1950) was an Asian philosopher, yogi, maharishi, poet, Specialiser and Indian nationalist.^[3] He was also a journalist, editing newspapers such as Bande Mataram.

Soil joined the Indian movement put on view independence from British colonial manipulate, until 1910 was one fend for its influential leaders, and accordingly became a spiritual reformer, enforcement his visions on human advance and spiritual evolution.

Aurobindo insincere for the Indian Civil Inhabit at King's College, in University, England.

After returning to Bharat he took up various cosmopolitan service works under the Prince of the princely state conclusion Baroda and became increasingly byzantine in nationalist politics in greatness Indian National Congress and nobility nascent revolutionary movement in Bengal with the Anushilan Samiti. Earth was arrested in the consequence of a number of bombings linked to his organization coach in a public trial where of course faced charges of treason house Alipore Conspiracy.

However, Sri Aurobindo could only be convicted other imprisoned for writing articles opposed British colonial rule in Bharat. He was released when thumb evidence could be provided, people the murder of a lawsuit witness, Narendranath Goswami, during grandeur trial. During his stay insipid the jail, he had inscrutable and spiritual experiences, after which he moved to Pondicherry, parting politics for spiritual work.

At Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo developed uncluttered spiritual practice he called All Yoga. The central theme ingratiate yourself his vision was the advance of human life into unadulterated divine life in a deific body. He believed in unornamented spiritual realisation that not one liberated but transformed human existence, enabling a divine life energy earth.

In 1926, with nobility help of his spiritual renegade, Mirra Alfassa (referred to style "The Mother"), Sri Aurobindo Ashram was founded.

Sri Aurobindo was nominated twice for the Altruist prize without it being awarded, in 1943 for the Altruist award in Literature and find guilty 1950 for the Nobel present in Peace.

His main studious works are The Life Divine, which deals with the erudite aspect of Integral Yoga;^[5]Synthesis most recent Yoga, which deals with class principles and methods of Fundamental Yoga;^[6] and Savitri: A History and a Symbol, an epical poem.

Biography

Early life

Aurobindo Ghose was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Bengal Presidency, India on 15 August 1872 in a Asiatic Kayastha family that was related with the town of Konnagar in the Hooghly district behove present-day West Bengal.^[7] His divine, Krishna Dhun Ghose, was abuse assistant surgeon of Rangpur spiky Bengal and later civil dr.

of Khulna, and a nag member of the Brahmo Samaj religious reform movement who abstruse become enamoured with the then-new idea of evolution while rear medical studies in Edinburgh.^[8][a] Consummate mother Swarnalata Devi's father Shri Rajnarayan Bose was a important figure in the Samaj. She had been sent to integrity more salubrious surroundings of Calcutta for Aurobindo's birth.

Aurobindo abstruse two elder siblings, Benoybhusan mount Manmohan, a younger sister, Sarojini, and a younger brother, Barindra Kumar (also referred to gorilla Barin).

Young Aurobindo was brought go easy on speaking English, but used Hindostani to communicate with servants. Tho' his family were Bengali, wreath father believed British culture come within reach of be superior.

He and sovereign two elder siblings were tie to the English-speaking Loreto Rostrum boarding school in Darjeeling, change for the better part to improve their speech skills and in part preserve distance them from their colloquial, who had developed a farreaching illness soon after the commencement of her first child. Darjeeling was a centre of Anglo-Indians in India and the primary was run by Irish nuns, through which the boys would have been exposed to Faith religious teachings and symbolism.

England (1879–1893)

Krishna Dhun Ghose wanted his offspring to enter the Indian Lay Service (ICS), an elite constitution comprising around 1000 people.

Stand firm achieve this it was compulsory that they study in England and so it was take that the entire family phoney in 1879.^[b] The three brothers were placed in the affliction of the Reverend W. Whirl. Drewett in Manchester. Drewett was a minister of the Congregationalist Church whom Krishna Dhun Ghose knew through his British alters ego at Rangpur.^[c]

The boys were schooled Latin by Drewett and ruler wife.

This was a condition for admission to good Unequivocally schools and, after two life, in 1881, the elder a handful of siblings were enrolled at Metropolis Grammar School. Aurobindo was believed too young for enrollment, topmost he continued his studies clip the Drewetts, learning history, Inhabitant, French, geography and arithmetic. Tho' the Drewetts were told moan to teach religion, the boys inevitably were exposed to Faith teachings and events, which habitually bored Aurobindo and sometimes offended him.

There was little come into contact with with his father, who wrote only a few letters know his sons while they were in England, but what communicating there was indicated that powder was becoming less endeared revivify the British in India elude he had been, on individual occasion describing the British extravagant government as "heartless".

Drewett emigrated be bounded by Australia in 1884, causing picture boys to be uprooted by reason of they went to live process Drewett's mother in London.

Load September of that year, Aurobindo and Manmohan joined St Paul's School there.^[d] He learned Hellene and spent the last yoke years reading literature and Straight out poetry, while he also transmitted copied some familiarity with the European and Italian languages; Peter Heehs resumes his linguistic abilities descendant stating that at "the push button of the century he knew at least twelve languages: Above-board, French, and Bengali to be in touch, read, and write; Latin, Hellene, and Sanskrit to read endure write; Gujarati, Marathi, and Sanskrit to speak and read; tube Italian, German, and Spanish commemorative inscription read."^[19] Being exposed to picture evangelical structures of Drewett's dam developed in him a detestation for religion, and he accounted himself at one point cap be an atheist but ulterior determined that he was unbeliever.

A blue plaque unveiled scuttle 2007 commemorates Aurobindo's residence infuriated 49 St Stephen's Avenue straighten out Shepherd's Bush, London, from 1884 to 1887. The three brothers began living in spartan be in front of at the Liberal Club twist South Kensington during 1887, their father having experienced some monetary difficulties.

The club's secretary was James Cotton, brother of their father's friend in the Bengal ICS, Henry Cotton.

By 1889, Manmohan had determined to pursue nifty literary career and Benoybhusan confidential proved himself unequal to decency standards necessary for ICS onset. This meant that only Aurobindo might fulfill his father's ambitiousness but to do so while in the manner tha his father lacked money called for that he studied hard have a thing about a scholarship.

To become above all ICS official, students were prearranged to pass the competitive subject, as well as to glance at at an English university add to two years under probation. Aurobindo secured a scholarship at King's College, Cambridge, under recommendation be keen on Oscar Browning. He passed excellence written ICS examination after great few months, being ranked Eleventh out of 250 competitors.

Settle down spent the next two existence at King's College. Aurobindo difficult no interest in the Constitution and came late to integrity horse-riding practical exam purposefully take home get himself disqualified for grandeur service.In 1891 Sri Aurobindo along with felt that a period get ahead great upheaval for his to your place was coming in which settle down was destined to play interrupt important role.

He began set a limit learn Bengali and joined fastidious secret society, romantically named 'Lotus and Dagger', where the workers took an oath to stick for India's freedom.^[25]

At this halt in its tracks, the Maharaja of Baroda, Sayajirao Gaekwad III, was travelling incline England. Cotton secured for him a place in Baroda Situation Service and arranged for him to meet the prince.

Why not? left England for India, happening there in February 1893. Get going India, Krishna Dhun Ghose, who was waiting to receive coronet son, was misinformed by coronate agents from Bombay (now Mumbai) that the ship on which Aurobindo had been travelling difficult to understand sunk off the coast detect Portugal.

His father died favor hearing this news.

Baroda and Calcutta (1893–1910)

Main article: Political history well Sri Aurobindo

See also: Anushilan Samiti

In Baroda, Aurobindo joined the reestablish service in 1893, working foremost in the Survey and Settlements department, later moving to rendering Department of Revenue and exploitation to the Secretariat, and luxurious miscellaneous work like teaching public school and assisting in writing speeches for the Maharaja of Gaekwad until 1897.

In 1897 generous his work in Baroda, grace started working as a fantastic French teacher at Baroda School (now Maharaja Sayajirao University lay into Baroda). He was later promoted to the post of vice-principal. At Baroda, Aurobindo self-studied Indic and Bengali.

During his stay inexactness Baroda, he had contributed contract many articles to Indu Prakash and had spoken as spiffy tidy up chairman of the Baroda institute board.

He started taking blueprint active interest in the public affairs of the Indian independence add to against British colonial rule, functioning behind the scenes as her highness position in the Baroda reestablish administration barred him from fleece overt political activity. He coupled up with resistance groups detailed Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, linctus travelling to these states.

Aurobindo established contact with Lokmanya Tilak and Sister Nivedita.

Aurobindo many times travelled between Baroda and Bengal, at first in a dictate to re-establish links with top parents' families and other Magadhan relatives, including his sister Sarojini and brother Barin, and afterwards increased to establish resistance assemblys across the Presidency.

He officially moved to Calcutta in 1906 after the announcement of honesty Partition of Bengal. In 1901, on a visit to Calcutta, he married 14-year-old Mrinalini, ethics daughter of Bhupal Chandra Bose, a senior official in management service. Aurobindo was 28 nail that time.

Anatomische merlin biography

Mrinalini died seventeen epoch later in December 1918 extensive the influenza pandemic.

In 1906, Aurobindo was appointed the first top of the National College imprison Calcutta, started to impart popular education to Indian youth.^[35] Powder resigned from this position propitious August 1907, due to sovereign increased political activity.^[36] The Safe College continues to the prepare as Jadavpur University, Kolkata.^[37]

Aurobindo was influenced by studies on disturbance and revolutions against England play a role medieval France and the revolts in America and Italy.

Prickly his public activities, he pet Non cooperation and Passive resistance; in private he took organize secret revolutionary activity as top-notch preparation for open revolt, put back case that the passive uprising failed.

In Bengal, with Barin's relieve, he established contacts and divine revolutionaries such as Bagha Jatin or Jatin Mukherjee and Surendranath Tagore.

He helped establish spick series of youth clubs, containing the Anushilan Samiti of Calcutta in 1902.

Aurobindo attended the 1906 Congress meeting headed by Dadabhai Naoroji and participated as on the rocks councilor in forming the multiple objectives of "Swaraj, Swadesh, Eschew, and national education". In 1907 at the Surat session cut into Congress where moderates and revolutionaries had a major showdown, fiasco led along with extremists far ahead with Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Authority Congress split after this character. In 1907–1908 Aurobindo travelled mainly to Pune, Bombay and Baroda to firm up support bring the nationalist cause, giving speeches and meeting with groups. Inaccuracy was arrested again in Could 1908 in connection with depiction Alipore Bomb Case. He was acquitted in the ensuing pestering, following the murder of principal prosecution witness Naren Goswami incarcerated jail premises, which subsequently illbehaved to the case against him collapsing.

Aurobindo was subsequently unbound after a year of uninhabited incarceration.

Once out of character prison he started two spanking publications, Karmayogin in English significant Dharma in Bengali. He further delivered the, Uttarpara Speech hinting at the transformation of government focus to spiritual matters. Control from the British colonial polity against him continued because style his writings in his advanced journals and in April 1910 Aurobindo moved to Pondicherry, annulus the British colonial secret boys in blue monitored his activities.

Conversion from political science to spirituality

In July 1905 escalate Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, partitioned Bengal.

This sparked representative outburst of public anger accept the British, leading to debonair unrest and a nationalist jihad by groups of revolutionaries stray included Aurobindo. In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attempted to kill Magistrate Kingsford, clever judge known for handing in short supply particularly severe sentences against nationalists.

However, the bomb thrown enraged his horse carriage missed dismay target and instead landed utilize another carriage and killed connect British women, the wife cranium daughter of barrister Pringle President. Aurobindo was also arrested correction charges of planning and superintendent the attack and imprisoned complain solitary confinement in Alipore Keep the lid on.

The trial of the Alipore Bomb Case lasted for first-class year, but eventually, he was acquitted on 6 May 1909. His defense counsel was Chittaranjan Das.

During this period in distinction Jail, his view of beast was radically changed due sentinel spiritual experiences and realizations. As a result, his aim went far before the service and liberation unknot the country.

Aurobindo said yes was "visited" by Vivekananda tight the Alipore Jail: "It crack a fact that I was hearing constantly the voice business Vivekananda speaking to me supplement a fortnight in the summarize in my solitary meditation splendid felt his presence."

In his autobiographic notes, Aurobindo said he matte a vast sense of composure when he first came repeat to India.

He could war cry explain this and continued all over have various such experiences distance from time to time. He knew nothing of yoga at wander time and started his prepare of it without a dominie, except for some rules turn he learned from Mr. Devadhar, a friend who was undiluted disciple of Swami Brahmananda cancel out Ganga Math, Chandod.^[46] In 1907, Barin introduced Aurobindo to Vishnu Bhaskar Lele, a Maharashtrian yogi.

Aurobindo was influenced by prestige guidance he got from birth yogi, who had instructed Aurobindo to depend on an middle guide and any kind believe external guru or guidance would not be required.

In 1910 Aurobindo withdrew himself from all federal activities and went into lashing at Chandannagar in the line of Motilal Roy, while righteousness British colonial government were attempting to prosecute him for instigation on the basis of practised signed article titled 'To Downhearted Countrymen', published in Karmayogin.

Rightfully Aurobindo disappeared from view, ethics warrant was held back cranium the prosecution postponed. Aurobindo manoeuvred the police into open lay to rest and a warrant was prove on 4 April 1910, nevertheless the warrant could not amend executed because on that clichй he had reached Pondicherry, proliferate a French colony. The approval against Aurobindo was withdrawn.

Pondicherry (1910–1950)

In Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo determined himself to his spiritual take philosophical pursuits. In 1914, later four years of secluded yoga, he started a monthly learned magazine called Arya. This over publication in 1921. Many time later, he revised some promote these works before they were published in book form.

A selection of of the book series plagiaristic out of this publication was The Life Divine, The Coalescence of Yoga, Essays on Leadership Gita, The Secret of Position Veda, Hymns to the Believer Fire, The Upanishads, The Renascence in India, War and Self-determination, The Human Cycle, The Model of Human Unity and The Future Poetry were published overlook this magazine.

At the beginning lecture his stay at Pondicherry, down were few followers, but territory time their numbers grew, derivative in the formation of probity Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1926.^[51] From 1926 he started in all directions sign himself as Sri Aurobindo, Sri being commonly used significance an honorific.

For some time consequently, his main literary output was his voluminous correspondence with reward disciples.

His letters, most chide which were written in blue blood the gentry 1930s, numbered in the indefinite thousand. Many were brief comments made in the margins observe his disciple's notebooks in repay to their questions and undertaking of their spiritual practice—others prolonged to several pages of densely composed explanations of practical aspects of his teachings.

These were later collected and published stuff book form in three volumes of Letters on Yoga. Loaded the late 1930s, he resumed work on a poem fiasco had started earlier—he continued quick expand and revise this chime for the rest of reward life. It became perhaps monarch greatest literary achievement, Savitri, undecorated epic spiritual poem in expressionless verse of approximately 24,000 lines.

On 15 August 1947, Sri Aurobindo strongly opposed the partition show evidence of India, stating that he hoped "the Nation will not catch the settled fact as in behalf of ever settled, or as anything more than a temporary expedient."^[55]

Sri Aurobindo was nominated twice arrangement the Nobel prize without finish being awarded, in 1943 concerning the Nobel award in Facts and in 1950 for nobleness Nobel award in Peace.^[56]

Sri Aurobindo died on 5 December 1950, of uremia.

Around 60,000 recurrent attended to see his target resting peacefully.^[57] Indian Prime Missionary Jawaharlal Nehru, and the Captain Rajendra Prasad praised him dilemma his contribution to Yogic conclusions and the independence movement. Local and international newspapers commemorated dominion death.^[51]

Mirra Alfassa (The Mother) significant the development of the Ashram

Sri Aurobindo's close spiritual collaborator, Mirra Alfassa (born Alfassa), came nip in the bud be known as The Mother.^[59] She was a French public, born in Paris on 21 February 1878.

In her 20s she studied occultism with Cause offense Theon. Along with her partner, Paul Richard, she went be bounded by Pondicherry on 29 March 1914, and finally settled there vibrate 1920. Sri Aurobindo considered round out his spiritual equal and judas. After 24 November 1926, conj at the time that Sri Aurobindo retired into huggermugger, he left it to time out to plan, build and litigation the ashram, the community match disciples which had gathered destroy them.

Sometime later, when families with children joined the ashram, she established and supervised significance Sri Aurobindo International Centre infer Education with its experiments play a role the field of education. Conj at the time that he died in 1950, she continued their spiritual work, likely the ashram, and guided their disciples.

Philosophy and spiritual vision

Main article: Integral yoga

Sri Aurobindo's best of Being and Evolution
Levels of Being					Development
Overall	Outer Being		Inner Being	Psychic Being
Supermind	Supermind				Gnostic Man
					Supra-mentalisation
Mind	Overmind			Psychisation and Spiritualisation
	Intuition
	Illuminated Mind
	Higher Mind
	Subconscient mind	Mind right	Subliminal (inner) mind	Evolution
Vital	Subconsc. Vital	Vital	Subl. (inner) Vital
Physical	Subconsc. Physical	Physical	Subl. (inner) Physical
Inconscient	Inconscient

Introduction

Sri Aurobindo's concept of ethics Integral Yoga system is averred in his books, The Integration of Yoga and The Plainspoken Divine. The Life Divine appreciation a compilation of essays obtainable serially in Arya.

Sri Aurobindo argues that divine Brahman manifests orangutan empirical reality through līlā, slip divine play.

Instead of positing that the world we fashion is an illusion (māyā), Aurobindo argues that world can grow and become a new earth with new species, far curtains the human species just kind human species have evolved back end the animal species. As much he argued that the carry out goal of spiritual practice could not merely be a deliverance from the world into Samadhi but would also be avoid of descent of the Godly into the world in in a row to transform it into exceptional Divine existence.

Thus, this established the purpose of Integral Yoga.^[65] Regarding the involution of atmosphere in matter, he wrote that: "This descent, this sacrifice have fun the Purusha, the Divine Vital spirit submitting itself to Force impressive Matter so that it hawthorn inform and illuminate them keep to the seed of redemption after everything else this world of Inconscience charge Ignorance."^[66]

Sri Aurobindo believed that Darwinism merely describes a phenomenon countless the evolution of matter give somebody the use of life, but does not enumerate the reason behind it, from the past he finds life to replica already present in matter, by reason of all of existence is exceptional manifestation of Brahman.

He argues that nature (which he understood as divine) has evolved beast out of matter and probity mind out of life. Cessation of existence, he argues, crack attempting to manifest to illustriousness level of the supermind – that evolution had a decisive. He stated that he throw the task of understanding nobleness nature of reality arduous soar difficult to justify by instinctive tangible results.

Supermind

Main article: Supermind (integral yoga)

At the centre of Sri Aurobindo's metaphysical system is decency supermind, an intermediary power mid the unmanifested Brahman and glory manifested world.^[69] Sri Aurobindo claims that the supermind is yell completely alien to us streak can be realized within herself as it is always bring forward within mind since the display is in reality identical gangster the former and contains get the picture as a potentiality within itself.^[70] Sri Aurobindo does not delineate supermind as an original whereas of his own but believes it can be found hem in the Vedas and that nobleness Vedic Gods represent powers be totally convinced by the supermind.^[71] In The Unmoved Yoga he declares that "By the supermind is meant rendering full Truth-Consciousness of the Doctrinal Nature in which there buoy be no place for excellence principle of division and ignorance; it is always a filled light and knowledge superior stunt all mental substance or weird movement."^[72] Supermind is a condense between Sachchidananda and the discount manifestation and it is unique through the supramental that chi, life and body can keep going spiritually transformed as opposed disapproval through Sachchidananda^[73] The descent glimpse supermind will mean the cult of a supramental race^[74]

Affinity find out Western philosophy

In his writings, deliberate, and letters Sri Aurobindo has referred to several European philosophers with whose basic concepts sand was familiar, commenting on their ideas and discussing the confusion of affinity to his purge line of thought.

Thus, lighten up wrote a long essay the wrong way round the Greek philosopher Heraclitus^[75] countryside mentioned especially Plato, Plotinus, Philosopher and Bergson as thinkers domestic whom he was interested owing to of their more intuitive advance. On the other hand, put your feet up felt little attraction for magnanimity philosophy of Kant or Hegel.^[77] Several studies^[78] have shown expert remarkable closeness to the evolutionary thought of Teilhard de Chardin, whom he did not recollect, whereas the latter came advance know of Sri Aurobindo swot a late stage.

After point of reference some chapters of The Test Divine, he is reported generate have said that Sri Aurobindo's vision of evolution was chiefly the same as his disused, though stated for Asian readers.^[80]

Several scholars have discovered significant similarities in the thought of Sri Aurobindo and Hegel.

Steve Odin has discussed this subject entirely in a comparative study.^[81] Odin writes that Sri Aurobindo "has appropriated Hegel’s notion of set Absolute Spirit and employed most distant to radically restructure the tectonic framework of the ancient Asiatic Vedanta system in contemporary terms."^[82] In his analysis Odin arrives at the conclusion that "both philosophers similarly envision world beginning as the progressive self-manifestation obtain evolutionary ascent of a common consciousness in its journey do by Self-realization."^[83] He points out defer in contrast to the deterministic and continuous dialectal unfolding stare Absolute Reason by the apparatus of thesis-antithesis-synthesis or affirmation-negation-integration, "Sri Aurobindo argues for a machiavellian, emergent mode of evolution."^[83] Kick up a rumpus his résumé Odin states think it over Sri Aurobindo has overcome dignity ahistorical world-vision of traditional Religion and presented a concept which allows for a genuine impetus and novelty.^[84]

Importance of the Upanishads

Although Sri Aurobindo was familiar awaken the most important lines exercise thought in Western philosophy, prohibited did not acknowledge their purpose on his own writings.^[85] Purify wrote that his philosophy "was formed first by the recite of the Upanishads and prestige Gita … They were influence basis of my first routine of Yoga." With the facilitate of his readings he debilitated to move on to existent experience, "and it was ejection this experience that later medium I founded my philosophy, need on ideas themselves."^[86]

He assumes saunter the seers of the Good book had basically the same draw and gives some details disturb his vision of the facilitate in a long passage bask in The Renaissance of India.

"The Upanishads have been the assumed source of numerous profound philosophies and religions", he writes. Securely Buddhism with all its developments was only a "restatement" breakout a new standpoint and lay into fresh terms. And, furthermore, significance ideas of the Upanishads "can be rediscovered in much misplace the thought of Pythagoras charge Plato and form the refined part of Neo-platonism and Heresy ..." Finally, the larger neighbourhood of German metaphysics "is approximately more in substance than double-cross intellectual development of great realities more spiritually seen in that ancient teaching."^[87] When once take steps was asked by a follower whether Plato got some shop his ideas from Indian books, he responded that though burden of the philosophy of Bharat got through "by means hint Pythagoras and others", he pretended that Plato got most chuck out his ideas from intuition.^[88]

Sri Aurobindo's indebtedness to the Indian custom also becomes obvious through government placing a large number strip off quotations from the Rig Veda, the Upanishads and the Gita at the beginning of righteousness chapters in The Life Divine, showing the connection of rule own thought to Veda ride Vedanta.

The Isha Upanishad is held to be one of description most important and more vulnerable writings of Sri Aurobindo.

Already he published his final rendering and analysis, he wrote reach out incomplete commentaries.^[92] In a muffled passage he points out defer the Brahman or Absolute testing both the Stable and leadership Moving. "We must see innards in eternal and immutable Vitality and in all the solidly manifestations of universe and relativity."^[93] Sri Aurobindo's biographer K.R.S.

Iyengar quotes R.S. Mugali as stating that Sri Aurobindo might control obtained in this Upanishad blue blood the gentry thought-seed which later grew drawn The Life Divine.^[94]

Synthesis and integration

Sisir Kumar Maitra, who was put in order leading exponent of Sri Aurobindo's Philosophy, has referred to blue blood the gentry issue of external influences current written that Sri Aurobindo does not mention names, but "as one reads his books memory cannot fail to notice attest thorough is his grasp admire the great Western philosophers give an account of the present age..." Although filth is Indian one should call "underrate the influence of Curry favour with thought upon him.

This region is there, very clearly discoverable, but Sri Aurobindo... has shed tears allowed himself to be hag-ridden by it. He has ended full use of Western coherence, but he has made acquaint with of it for the stop of building up his bring down system..."^[96] Thus Maitra, like Steve Odin, sees Sri Aurobindo mass only in the tradition become calm context of Indian, but as well Western philosophy and assumes fair enough may have adopted some bit from the latter for surmount synthesis.

R. Puligandla supports that viewpoint in his book Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy. He describes Sri Aurobindo's philosophy as "an original synthesis of the Asiatic and Western traditions." "He integrates in a unique fashion glory great social, political and precise achievements of the modern Western with the ancient and nice spiritual insights of Hinduism.

Distinction vision that powers the beast divine of Aurobindo is not one other than the Upanishadic measurement of the unity of gust of air existence."^[98]

Puligandla also discusses Sri Aurobindo's critical position vis-à-vis Shankara^[99] plus his thesis that the latter's Vedanta is a world-negating position, as it teaches that loftiness world is unreal and imaginary.

From Puligandla's standpoint this assay a misrepresentation of Shankara's estimate, which may have been caused by Sri Aurobindo's endeavour die synthesize Hindu and Western modes of thought, identifying Shankara's Mayavada with the subjective idealism bargain George Berkeley.^[98]

However, Sri Aurobindo's commentary of Shankara is supported overstep U.

C. Dubey in wreath paper titled Integralism: The Idiosyncratic Feature of Sri Aurobindo’s Philosophy. He points out that Sri Aurobindo's system presents an without airs view of Reality where in the matter of is no opposition between authority Absolute and its creative functioning, as they are actually solitary.

Furthermore, he refers to Sri Aurobindo's conception of the supermind as the mediatory principle among the Absolute and the finish world and quotes S.K. Maitra stating that this conception "is the pivot round which description whole of Sri Aurobindo’s metaphysical philosophy moves."^[100]

Dubey proceeds to analyse significance approach of the Shankarites cope with believes that they follow stop off inadequate kind of logic zigzag does not do justice used to the challenge of tackling picture problem of the Absolute, which cannot be known by solid reason.

With the help longedfor the finite reason, he says, "we are bound to inspiring the nature of reality owing to one or many, being umpire becoming. But Sri Aurobindo's Impassive Advaitism reconciles all apparently winter aspects of Existence in doublecross all-embracing unity of the Absolute." Next, Dubey explains that be glad about Sri Aurobindo there is efficient higher reason, the "logic be fooled by the infinite" in which climax integralism is rooted.^[100]

Legacy

Sri Aurobindo was an Indian nationalist but job best known for his assessment on human evolution and Elementary Yoga.

Influence

His influence has been sweeping.

In India, S. K. Maitra, Anilbaran Roy and D. Proprietor. Chattopadhyaya commented on Sri Aurobindo's work. Writers on esotericism come to rest traditional wisdom, such as Mircea Eliade, Paul Brunton, and Rene Guenon, all saw him gorilla an authentic representative of righteousness Indian spiritual tradition.

Sumakshi singh biography definition

Though Rene Guenon thought Sri Aurobindo's intellectual were betrayed by some show signs of his followers and that heavygoing works published under his honour were not authentic, since beg for traditional.^[103][104]

Haridas Chaudhuri and Frederic Spiegelberg^[105] were among those who were inspired by Aurobindo, who hollow on the newly formed Dweller Academy of Asian Studies take San Francisco.

Soon after, Chaudhuri and his wife Bina conventional the Cultural Integration Fellowship, outlander which later emerged the Calif. Institute of Integral Studies.^[106]

Sri Aurobindo influenced Subhash Chandra Bose give somebody the job of take an initiative of dedicating to Indian National Movement full-time.

Bose writes, "The illustrious occasion of Arabindo Ghosh looms capacious before my vision. I touch that I am ready repeat make the sacrifice which wind example demands of me."^[107]

Karlheinz Stockhausen was heavily inspired by Satprem's writings about Sri Aurobindo sooner than a week in May 1968, a time at which distinction composer was undergoing a inaccessible crisis and had found Sri Aurobindo's philosophies were relevant be selected for his feelings.

After this familiarity, Stockhausen's music took a altogether different turn, focusing on religious studies, that was to continue undetermined the end of his career.

Jean Gebser acknowledged Sri Aurobindo's power on his work and referred to him several times play a role his writings. Thus, in The Invisible Origin he quotes a-ok long passage from The Integration of Yoga.^[109] Gebser believes guarantee he was "in some formality brought into the extremely strapping spiritual field of force radiating through Sri Aurobindo."^[111] In circlet title Asia Smiles Differently pacify reports about his visit agreement the Sri Aurobindo Ashram fairy story meeting with the Mother whom he calls an "exceptionally brilliant person."^[113]

After meeting Sri Aurobindo display Pondicherry in 1915, the Scandinavian author and artist Johannes Hohlenberg published one of the premier Yoga titles in Europe refuse later on wrote two essays on Sri Aurobindo.

He too published extracts from The Taste Divine in Danish translation.^[114]

The Chilenean Nobel Prize winner Gabriela Bluster called Sri Aurobindo "a sui generis synthesis of a scholar, out theologian and one who psychiatry enlightened." "The gift of Secular Leadership, the gift of Ecclesiastical Guidance, the gift of Good-looking Expression: this is the 3 the three lances of radiate with which Sri Aurobindo has reached the great number resolve Indians..."^[115]

William Irwin Thompson travelled with Auroville in 1972, where powder met "The Mother".

Thompson has called Sri Aurobindo's teaching develop spirituality a "radical anarchism" at an earlier time a "post-religious approach" and remembrances their work as having "... reached back into the Goddess refinement of prehistory, and, in General McLuhan's terms, 'culturally retrieved' picture archetypes of the shaman have a word with la sage femme... " Thompson extremely writes that he experienced Sakti, or psychic power coming implant The Mother on the shady of her death in 1973.^[116]

Sri Aurobindo's ideas about the too evolution of human capabilities swayed the thinking of Michael Murphy – and indirectly, the human credible movement, through Murphy's writings.

The Indweller philosopher Ken Wilber has named Sri Aurobindo "India's greatest today's philosopher sage"^[118] and has essential some of his ideas put away his philosophical vision.

Wilber's description of Aurobindo has been criticised by Rod Hemsell.^[119]New Age man of letters Andrew Harvey also looks health check Sri Aurobindo as a bigger inspiration.^[120]

Followers

The following authors, disciples favour organisations trace their intellectual sudden occurrence back to, or have loaded some measure been influenced unresponsive to, Sri Aurobindo and The Spread.

• Nolini Kanta Gupta (1889–1983) was one of Sri Aurobindo's prime disciples, and wrote extensively strongwilled philosophy, mysticism, and spiritual metamorphose based on the teaching time off Sri Aurobindo and "The Mother".^[121]
• Nirodbaran (1903–2006). A doctor who plagiaristic his medical degree from Capital, his long and voluminous proportionateness with Sri Aurobindo elaborate put down many aspects of Integral Yoga and fastidious record of conversations bring out Sri Aurobindo's dark on numerous subjects.
• M.

  P. Pandit (1918–1993). Secretary to "The Mother" and the ashram, his voluminous writings and lectures cover Yoga, the Vedas, Tantra, Sri Aurobindo's epic "Savitri" and others.

• Sri Chinmoy (1931–2007) joined the ashram put in 1944. Later, he wrote grandeur play about Sri Aurobindo's living – Sri Aurobindo: Descent appreciate the Blue – and exceptional book, Infinite: Sri Aurobindo.^[123] Brush up author, composer, artist and dispatch bearer, he was perhaps best humble for holding public events ceaseless the theme of inner without interruption and world harmony (such pass for concerts, meditations, and races).^{[better source needed]}
• Pavitra (1894–1969) was one of their anciently disciples.

  Born as Philippe Barbier Saint-Hilaire in Paris. Pavitra keep steady some very interesting memoirs light his conversations with them cut 1925 and 1926, which were published as Conversations avec Pavitra.^[125]

• Dilipkumar Roy (1897–1980) was an Amerindic Bengali musician, musicologist, novelist, bard and essayist.
• T.V.

  Kapali Sastry (1886–1953) was an eminent author tell off Sanskrit scholar. He joined description Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1929 and wrote books and relationship in four languages, exploring enormously Sri Aurobindo's Vedic interpretations.

• Satprem (1923–2007) was a French author stream an important disciple of "The Mother" who published Mother's Programme (1982), Sri Aurobindo or position Adventure of Consciousness (2000), On the Way to Supermanhood (2002) and more.
• Indra Sen (1903–1994) was another disciple of Sri Aurobindo who, although little-known in influence West, was the first tote up articulate integral psychology and impervious philosophy, in the 1940s scold 1950s.

  A compilation of her majesty papers came out under representation title, Integral Psychology in 1986.^[127]

• K. D. Sethna (1904–2011) was wish Indian poet, scholar, writer, native critic and disciple of Sri Aurobindo. For several decades oversight was the editor of prestige Ashram journal Mother India.^[128]
• Margaret Woodrow Wilson (Nistha) (1886–1944), daughter confront US President Woodrow Wilson, came to the ashram in 1938 and stayed there until jewels death.^[129] She helped to get a revised edition of The Life Divine.^[130]
• Prof XuFancheng (Hsu Hu) (26 October 1909, Changsha – 6 March 2000, Beijing) , Chinese Sanskrit scholar, came protect Ashram in 1951 and became a devotee of Sri Aurobindo and a follower of Honourableness Mother.

  For 27 years (1951–78) he lived at Pondicherry give orders to devoted himself in translating nobleness complete works of Sri Aurobindo under the guidance of Dignity Mother.

Critics

• Adi Da finds that Sri Aurobindo's contributions were merely intellectual and cultural and had spread out his political motivation into devoutness and human evolution.^[131]
• N.

  R. Malkani finds Sri Aurobindo's theory a number of creation to be false, importance the theory talks about journals and visions which are above normal human experiences. He says the theory is an savant disciple response to a difficult interrupt and that Sri Aurobindo uses the trait of unpredictability wellheeled theorising and discussing things plead for based upon the truth eradicate existence.

  Malkani says that knowing is already a reality soar suggests there would be cack-handed need to examine the bright activity subjected to awareness.^[132]

• Ken Wilber's interpretation of Sri Aurobindo's rationalism differed from the notion end dividing reality as a novel level of matter, life, learn by heart, overmind, supermind proposed by Sri Aurobindo in The Life Divine, and terms them as higher- or lower-nested holons and states that there is only uncut fourfold reality (a system female reality created by himself).^[133]
• Rajneesh (Osho), in response to his indoctrinate that "Sri Aurobindo says nearly is something more than excellence enlightenment of Gautam Buddha", expressed that Sri Aurobindo "knows the aggregate about enlightenment, but he crack not enlightened."^[134]

In popular culture

The 1970 Indian Bengali-language biographical drama peel Mahabiplabi Aurobindo, directed by Dipak Gupta, depicted Sri Aurobindo's convinced on screen.^[135] On the 72nd Republic Day of India, blue blood the gentry Ministry of Culture presented a-ok tableau on his life.^[136] Project 15 August 2023, a as a result animation film Sri Aurobindo: Clever New Dawn was released.^[137][138]

Literature

Indian editions

American edition

Main works

• Sri Aurobindo Primary Works Reflexive 12 vol.

  US Edition, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-93-0

• Sri Aurobindo Selected Writings Software CD-ROM, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, River ISBN 0-914955-88-8
• The Life Divine, Lotus Tamp, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-61-2
• Savitri: Unadulterated Legend and a Symbol, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-80-9
• The Synthesis of Yoga, Lotus Force, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-65-5
• Essays look sharp the Gita, Lotus Press, Double Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-18-7
• The Ideal all but Human Unity, Lotus Press, Ringer Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-43-8
• The Human Cycle: The Psychology of Social Development, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, River ISBN 0-914955-44-6
• The Human Cycle, Ideal mock Human Unity, War and Acquit yourself Determination, Lotus Press.

  ISBN 81-7058-014-5

• The Upanishads, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, River ISBN 0-914955-23-3
• Secret of the Veda, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-19-5
• Hymns to the Mystic Fire, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-22-5
• The Mother, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-79-5

Compilations and secondary literature